![]() Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:7400–7416. Īlia N, Sardar K, Said M, Salma K, Sadia A, Sadaf S, Toqeer A, Miklas S (2015) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in a controlled environment. Īkman Z (2012) Effects of GA and kinetin pre-sowing treatments on seeding emergence and seeding growth in wheat under saline conditions. Īgami RA (2016) Pre-soaking in indole-3-acetic acid or spermidine enhances copper tolerance in wheat seedlings. Īehle E, Grandic S, Reynaudle R, Ralainirina S, Baltorarosset F, Mesnard C, Prouillet C, Maziere JC, Fliniaux MA (2004) Development and evaluation of an enriched natural antioxidant preparation obtained from aqueous spinach (Spinacia oleracea) extracts by an adsorption procedure. Egyptian Soc ExpBiolo 11(2):217–225Īcosta JA, Faz A, Martínez-Martínez S, Zornoza R, Carmona DM, Kabas S (2011) Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals behavior in mine sites for future reclamation. Res J Agric Biol Sci 5:668–673Ībdelkader AF (2015) Tolerance strategies of some GA 3-pretreated edible plants during growing under drought stress. ![]() In summary, the application of 3–5 mg L −1 GA 3 to spinach seedlings in Cu-contaminated soil can be used to reduce Cu toxicity to plants and increase Cu tolerance.Ībd EI-Monem MS, Ibrahim IF, Mahmoud RS (2009) Role of gibberellic acid in abolishing the detrimental effects of Cd and Pb on broad bean and lupin plants. Additionally, the Cu concentration increased in leaves and decreased Cu concentration in roots, indicating that high concentrations of GA 3 aggravated stress damage and severely influenced physiological functions in spinach seedlings. In contrast, additions of GA 3 at concentrations higher than 40 mg L −1 intensified oxidative damage and decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic parameters, and biomass. When low concentrations of GA 3 (3–5 mg L −1) were added to Cu-stressed spinach seedlings, the damage caused by Cu stress to spinach seedlings was reduced, and the Cu tolerance of spinach seedlings was enhanced, which mainly manifested as reduced oxidation damage, an increased proline concentration, elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, decreased Cu concentration in leaves, and increased Cu concentration in roots, increased photosynthetic parameters, and an increased in the total biomass. ![]() However, spinach growth did not terminate, indicating that spinach seedlings had strong Cu tolerance. Under Cu stress, the plant Cu concentration and oxidative damage were greater, photosynthetic parameters and biomass declined, and antioxidant enzyme activities and the proline concentration increased. In the present study, changes in the biomass, oxidative stress response responses, and photosynthesis of spinach seedlings were examined under Cu stress with exogenous GA 3 applied at concentrations of 0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg L −1. Gibberellic acid (GA 3) is involved in plant growth and development and in the response to heavy metal stress. The mechanism of Cu tolerance in plants and its control measures are of considerable significance for the remediation of Cu-contaminated soils. ![]()
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